Health literacy refers to an individual’s ability to understand his or her health and effectively navigate the health care system.  An older patient with low health literacy might present with repeated provider visits or phone calls, misunderstanding of, or non-adherence to, their medication plan, or exacerbations of chronic illness. 

Understand key concepts in patient safety in any care setting.

Use geriatric assessment tools to determine appropriateness of invasive cardiac interventions.

Consider quality of life assessment in initiating renal replacement therapy.